World Scientific Research

Determination of antibiotics susceptibility pattern of some Enterobacteriaceae associated with acute diarrhea among children in Kano, Nigeria

Muhammad Ali — 2025-02-05

The study was aimed to determination of antibiotics susceptibility pattern of some enteric bacteria associated with diarrhea among children in Kano, Northern Nigeria. In the Study, total of two hundred and fifty samples (250) from the study subjects were examined. Enteric bacteria were isolated and identified using conventional methods while the identified isolates were screened for antibiotic susceptibility testing using agar disc diffusion method. Total of 523 Enterobacteriaceae isolates identified were subjected to multi drug resistance (MDR) test, of which 27 (5.2%) isolates were resistant to four or more antibiotics tested while 496 (94.8%) of the isolates were resistant to less than four antibiotics. E. coli showed high resistant to streptomycin (63.2%) and chloramphenicol (23.8%). Salmonella was resistant to streptomycin (78.3%), gentamicin (61.9%) and erythromycin (33.7%) while Shigella spp were resistant to streptomycin (74.6%), gentamicin (76.6%) and ampicillin (54%). On the other hand, E. coli demonstrated sensitivity to ciprofloxacin (92.8%), tetracycline (92.8%), augmentin (90.7%) and nalidixic acid (94.8%). Salmonella spp was highly sensitive to augmentin (96.8%), nalidixic acid (93.5%), tetracycline (91.3) and ciprofloxacin (93.5%) while Shigella spp was sensitive to nalidixic acid (93.7%), chloramphenicol (93.7%) and ciprofloxacin (83%). The antibiotic resistance exists among enteric bacteria associated with diarrhea in children.

Hands-on harvest: Participatory organic farming education on campus

Pratheesh Padath — 2025-03-20

Organic farming is a sustainable practice that uses mechanical, biological, and agronomic techniques to improve agro-ecosystem health, biodiversity, and eliminate artificial off-farm inputs. It involves converting land to organic management, managing biodiversity, using alternative nutrients, managing weeds and pests, and maintaining livestock in harmony with organic concepts. Contemporary youth, mainly in developing nations, are crucial for agriculture, but attracting and retaining them in organic farming is essential for food security and employment. The study is significant for its focus on promoting sustainable practices, experiential learning, interdisciplinary education, community engagement, health and wellness, economic benefits, research and innovation, and policy and advocacy. This study investigates the role of student participation (arts and science colleges) in organic farming initiatives on campus and its impacts on learning outcomes and personality growth. The study uses organic pedagogy as a framework for participatory learning in organic farming, focusing on student engagement, competency development, social commitment, and promoting sustainable food systems. The findings show that active engagement in organic farming enhances students' understanding of sustainable agricultural practices, fosters critical thinking, strengthens community bonds, and cultivates essential skills like teamwork, problem-solving, and environmental stewardship. The research advocates for the integration of organic farming practices into academic curricula to promote holistic learning and a culture of sustainability among students.

Prevalence of early postoperative complications and associated factors among children underwent adenotonsillectomy at Bugando Medical Centre Mwanza Tanzania

Olivia M Kimario — 2025-03-20

Tonsillar infections and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) are the leading indications for performing adenotonsillectomy. Studies have shown that the majority of the complications happen during the first eight hours after the procedure. Despite this procedure being frequently performed, there are no studies reporting the prevalence of early postoperative complications and associated factors following adenotonsillectomy at Bugando Medical Centre. The study will enlighten about the complications, which in future protocols will be made to minimize the complications. It is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at Bugando Medical Centre from November 2023 to July 2024. The total number of study participants was 206. The majority were male (56.3%). The leading age group that was mostly affected was from 3 years to 8 years, accounting for 67.5%. The prevalence of early postoperative complications was 7.77%. Primary hemorrhage was the leading complication, followed by infection. There is significance in the pre-existing medical conditions and early postoperative complications, as shown in the study. Additionally, this study also showed that age and gender have no relationship in the development of early complications.

Patterns and prevalence of gastroenteritis among children aged 0 – 15 years

Iyevhobu Kenneth Oshiokhayamhe — 2025-06-16

The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of bacterial gastroenteritis among children aged 0-15 years, the bacterial types involved, the age-range mostly affected and the bacterial load in the children sampled. This study was carried out in selected primary schools in Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria. The study population comprises of one hundred and fifty (150) Primary School Children within the age range of 0-15 years. Stool samples were examined using standard bacteriological method. Results obtained showed the rate of bacterial isolates from the stool of the children from the various age groups for the population under study is 44%. Out of the samples collected from each of the age range, 9(41%) were positive for age range 0-3, 19(46%) were for 4-7 years, 17(49%) for 8-11 years, and 21(40%) for 12-15. Age 12-15 years have the highest bacterial isolates followed by age 4-7 years, 8-11 years and 0-3 years. Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia and Streptococcus faecalis were isolated from the study population. The bacterial load of bacteria gastroenteritis is high so also the individual loads of the bacterial types apart from Streptococcus faecalis. Therefore, the isolation was enough to cause problem to the children.

Bioaccumulation of Cadmium in Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) from Kangimi Dam and the national water resources institute, Kaduna, Nigeria

Abba Ibrahim Abubakar — 2025-06-16

The bioaccumulation of cadmium (Cd) in Tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) was evaluated between September and October 2024 in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria. Fish samples were collected from Kangimi Dam and the National Water Resources Fish Ponds, and cadmium concentrations in the gills, kidneys, and livers were investigated using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy–High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (AAS-HPLC). ANOVA was used to determine mean concentrations. In Kangimi Dam fish, cadmium levels were 0.045±0.011 mg/kg (gills), 0.056±0.006 mg/kg (liver), and 0.055±0.012 mg/kg (kidneys). In contrast fish from the National Water Resources Fish Ponds, concentrations were higher: 0.098±0.004 mg/kg, 0.107±0.001 mg/kg, and 0.097±0.006 mg/kg, respectively. The liver showed the highest accumulation, though differences across organs were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Cadmium concentrations remained within the WHO/FAO permissible limit (0.05 mg/kg), suggesting no significant health risk. Further studies on other heavy metals and their bioaccumulation factors in the study area are recommended.

Simultaneous optimization and simulation of multi-purpose reservoir operation rule curves under extreme hydrological conditions and complex cultivation patterns using evolutionary algorithms

Farzane Karami — 2025-06-16

Implementing appropriate operating rule curves for water resources systems and hydroclimatic conditions significantly reduce damages floods and droughts damages in the downstream area. This paper uses simulation-optimization approach to establish a multi-purpose reservoir's rule curve. The hedging method is utilized for drought, and the multi-stage flood routing method is used for floods. The melody search algorithm is employed as the optimization algorithm. The Karkhe Reservoir is a case study, facing irregular water distribution and hydrological challenges from extensive domestic and agricultural water usage, varying cultivation patterns, and flood susceptibility. The region grows two types of crops - autumn and summer crops. Autumn cultivation is fundamental and strategic, but water use for summer or water-based crops reduces water resources for it. Meeting water demands from September to November is another challenge due to the overlapping water needs of summer and autumn crops. Significant changes in the upstream and downstream areas, including alterations in the shape and water resource utilization of the catchment area, as well as changes in the rivers' morphological condition and water carrying capacity, make it a constant challenge to determine the optimal water level for the reservoir. The results demonstrate the satisfactory performance of the optimized rule curve.

Quinoa (Chenopodium Quinoa Willd.) is a highly nutritious source of grains

Fatemah, A.S. Hussein — 2025-06-16

The main objective of this paper is the chemical evaluation of quinoa seeds (Chenopodium quinoa wild). The chemical composition, mineral content, active compounds (polyphenols, flavonoids, and tocopherols), vitamins, amino acids, and fatty acids of quinoa seeds were estimated. The results indicate that quinoa seeds are rich in minerals, the most important of which are Ca and K. They are also rich in biologically active compounds that play an effective role as antioxidants, the most important of which are phenolic compounds (455 ppm), flavonoids (245 ppm), tocopherols (505 ppm), and finally vitamins (A, C, and D), which are effective in preventing many diseases. The results also showed that quinoa seeds contain essential amino acids, which amount to 35.78 g/100 g, respectively, so it contains high-quality protein.Also, the main essential fatty acid in quinoa seeds is Linoleic (55.00%), which is known as Omega 6, then alpha-linolenic acid (9.49%).Therefore, quinoa seeds have a distinct composition of important nutritional elements and are considered a high-nutrition alternative to grains. Finally, more studies should be conducted on these high nutritional value seeds and they should be included in many products as an alternative to grains.